Início » Economia » A planta que faz a tequila vai revolucionar o Sertão do Nordeste! saiba mais

Economia

A planta que faz a tequila vai revolucionar o Sertão do Nordeste! saiba mais

O sertão brasileiro está prestes a dar as boas-vindas à sua primeira biorrefinaria dedicada à produção de biocombustíveis, com previsão para 2024. Essa usina desempenhará um papel crucial no avanço de uma pesquisa que promete ...
Eliseu Lins, da Agência NE9
9 de setembro de 2023 - às 05:50
Atualizado 9 de setembro de 2023 - às 05:50
8 min de leitura
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O sertão brasileiro está prestes a dar as boas-vindas à sua primeira biorrefinaria dedicada à produção de biocombustíveis, com previsão para 2024. Essa usina desempenhará um papel crucial no avanço de uma pesquisa que promete revolucionar o semiárido do país e transformar a realidade socioeconômica de uma região caracterizada pela escassez de recursos.

O Projeto Brave, cujo nome é uma sigla em inglês que se traduz como “Desenvolvimento do Agave Brasileiro”, é liderado pela Shell, em colaboração com a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e o Senai Cimatec. Este projeto tem como foco o estudo do potencial energético do agave, uma planta suculenta que pode se tornar uma alternativa promissora à cana-de-açúcar e ao milho na produção de biocombustíveis.

Essa iniciativa representa um marco importante no desenvolvimento sustentável da região e na diversificação das fontes de energia, além de oferecer a possibilidade de criar novas oportunidades econômicas e sociais para o sertão brasileiro.

Recentemente, o projeto avançou no desenvolvimento. A parceria entre a Shell e o Senai Cimatec, firmada em abril passado, em Conceição do Coité, município baiano conhecido pela produção de sisal a partir do agave, marca o início da segunda fase do programa Brave para o desenvolvimento dessa planta no Brasil. O projeto visa transformar o agave, utilizado na produção de tequila, em uma fonte de biomassa para a geração de etanol, biogás e outras substâncias no sertão nordestino.

No âmbito desta iniciativa, serão erguidas plantas-piloto no Senai Cimatec Park, em Salvador, para validar a escalabilidade dos processos. A nova fase do Brave abrange o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de mecanização (Brave Mec) para o plantio e colheita, bem como o processamento de diversas variedades de agave (Brave Ind). Ambas as vertentes serão conduzidas simultaneamente ao longo de um período de cinco anos. O Brave Mec busca criar soluções tecnológicas para processos atualmente realizados manualmente ou com o uso de equipamentos de baixa tecnologia. Por sua vez, o Brave Ind tem o objetivo de estabelecer a rota de processamento do agave para a produção de etanol de primeira e segunda gerações, biogás e seus subprodutos.

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DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PROJETO

Em uma entrevista recente concedida ao Portal 360, o coordenador do Laboratório de Genômica e Bioenergia da Unicamp, Gonçalo Pereira, compartilhou seu entusiasmo diante da perspectiva de ver o sertão transformado por biorrefinarias. O pesquisador, natural da Bahia, prevê que a implementação dessas unidades de produção traga consigo não apenas benefícios econômicos, mas também a criação de escolas técnicas e centros de pesquisa na região. Mesmo estando em estágios iniciais, Pereira assegurou que uma biorrefinaria piloto está programada para ser instalada no próximo ano. “Embora um cronograma específico ainda esteja em processo de elaboração, acredito que em 12 meses teremos um resultado promissor. Espero que até 2024, possamos celebrar a inauguração da primeira biorrefinaria do sertão”, afirmou o pesquisador.

 

FASE 1 – “Brave Bio” é liderada pela Unicamp e tem como objetivo selecionar as melhores variedades de agave para a produção de biocombustíveis no Brasil.

 

 

FASE 2 – “Brave Mec” é responsabilidade do Senai Cimatec e tem foco na mecanização da produção, desenvolvendo maquinários específicos para o plantio e colheita em grande escala. O objetivo é superar a falta de mecanização na cultura do agave.
FASE 3 – “Brave Ind” O objetivo nesta etapa é cuidar da industrialização dessa biomassa. Analisar os melhores processos de tratamento da planta, processos industriais, aproveitamento de resíduos e análises químicas.

 

A SHELL E O AGAVE

O agave é uma planta da espécie das suculentas e bastante conhecida por ser a principal matéria-prima para produção da bebida mexicana tequila.

E sua plantação ne Nordeste pode mudar a economia na região. Esse é potencial e a aposta dos produtores. O objetivo é criar toda uma nova cadeia industrial e até uma nova matriz energética internacional.

A aposta no agave como a “cana da caatinga” para produção de etanol não se limita mais aos centros de pesquisa, mas já chegou a importantes players do mercado. No avanço mais recente, a Shell decidiu investir R$ 30 milhões no projeto Brave (Brazilian Agave Development), em parceria com a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).

E por que a planta da tequila chamou atenção da multinacional petrolífera?

Espécies nacionais de agave já existem no sertão como cultivo voltado à extração da fibra de sisal, utilizada na produção de cordas, cestas e tapetes. Mas a concorrência das fibras sintéticas dificultou esse mercado. Desta vez os pesquisadores, e a indústria, estão de olho na enorme capacidade do agave para acumular água, nas condições mais inóspitas possíveis. Na Austrália, resistiu bem a temperaturas de quase 50º C.

Em tese, devido ao alto rendimento, com 3,3 milhões de hectares de agave seria possível produzir todo o volume de etanol do mercado brasileiro, ou 30 bilhões de litros. Enquanto com a cana, para o mesmo resultado, são necessários 4,5 milhões de hectares cultivados.

Executivos da Shell no país projetam um cultivo de até 2 milhões de hectares no semiárido (menos de 2% da área total do bioma), suficiente para produzir de 6 bilhões a 10 bilhões de litros de etanol de agave por ano. Assim, não haveria sequer pressão sobre as áreas de caatinga destinadas à preservação. “Ela pode ser plantada onde a cana não sobreviveria. E em áreas em que não traz impacto ambiental, porque são áreas que já tiveram algum tipo de agricultura, e que, hoje, devido a problemas hídricos, são subutilizadas, sem mata nativa, sem plantação alguma. O grande potencial estratégico é trazer uma matriz industrial para uma região que hoje não tem nada parecido”, diz o coordenador do projeto Brave na Shell, Marcelo Medeiros.

Planta multi aproveitada

Do agave pode se aproveitar tudo: além do etanol, fibras, silagem, nanocelulose, inseticida e carvão vegetal (biochar), que funciona como fertilizante do solo.

Atualmente, no entanto, no território do sisal, no nordeste da Bahia, somente uma parte decimal das folhas é aproveitada. Da biomassa, 95% são jogados fora. “Se a gente utilizasse todo o bagaço do sisal para gerar energia, naquela região toda da Bahia não precisava nem de diesel, nem de gás de cozinha”, destaca Pereira, da Unicamp.

O ciclo do agave exige planejamento e paciência. Leva de três a cinco anos até a primeira colheita. Até lá, a planta vai juntando forças e ganhando porte. No quinto ano, a produção atinge 880 toneladas por hectare. Um rendimento equiparável ao da cana-de-açúcar, quando distribuído ao longo do ciclo. Por que, então, o México, terra-mãe da agave tequilana, não aproveita todo seu potencial energético? Segundo Pereira, porque, por lá, os olhos estão todos voltados para a tequila, que alcança um elevado preço de mercado. Com 374 milhões de litros de tequila produzidos anualmente, os mexicanos conseguem levantar receitas que correspondem a cerca de 50% das obtidas pelo etanol no Brasil, com um volume de 15 bilhões de litros.

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Curiosamente, enquanto no México só se aproveita a pinha do agave, onde está o açúcar, no Brasil usa apenas as fibras das folhas. Cada país joga fora todo o restante da planta. “Nossa ideia é uma biorefinaria para usar tudo. O Don Chambers, que teve essa ideia lá atrás, viu que o México não se interessava, levou para a Austrália, que também não se interessou. Mas talvez se interesse agora, quando nós começamos a fazer”, diz Pereira.

O AGAVE E O NORDESTE

O agave, planta nativa do bioma do Nordeste, desempenha um papel crucial na preservação e no equilíbrio desse ecossistema singular. Suas características adaptativas permitem que prospere em condições áridas e semiáridas, o que o torna essencial na manutenção da biodiversidade local.

Além disso, o agave possui um grande potencial econômico e ambiental. Sua utilização na produção de biocombustíveis, fibras e outros produtos industriais oferece uma alternativa sustentável às práticas agrícolas convencionais, reduzindo a pressão sobre os recursos naturais da região.

Ao promover o cultivo responsável e a pesquisa sobre o agave, estamos não apenas investindo na economia local, mas também contribuindo para a preservação de um bioma rico em espécies e ecossistemas únicos. Portanto, é imperativo reconhecer e valorizar a importância do agave para o bioma do Nordeste como uma peça fundamental na busca por um desenvolvimento sustentável e equitativo.

Redação

Eliseu Lins

Eliseu Lins é baiano de nascimento e paraibano de coração. Jornalista formado na UFPB, tem mais de 20 anos de atuação na imprensa do Nordeste. É pós-graduado em jornalismo cultural e ocupa o cargo de editor-chefe do NE9 desde 2022.